FEMALE SEX / REPRODUCTIVE /GYNECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Female gynecological problems
Synonyms:- | Female Genital Diseases, Genital Disease, Female Gynecologic Disease, Disease of female genital organ , Disorder of female genital organs, Disorder of female genital system, Disorder of female genital tract, Disease of female genital system, Gynecological disease. |
Gynecological diseases is a set of pathologies that affect the female reproductive organs including:– (1) External genitalia: clitoris, labia, vulva, vagina (2)Internal genitalia: cervix, uterus, ovaries, Fallopian tubes.
Gynecological diseases directly affect women’s health, especially reproductive health, with disorders such as Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), cyst, fibroid , cancer, etc.
Female reproductive system diseases are considered to be all those that occur in the vagina, cervix and uterus, breasts, or ovaries. This type of diseases can have different origins, ranging from poor hygiene, the existence of fungi, or even genetic or hereditary factors. Female genital disease is a disorder of the structure or function of the female reproductive system that has a known cause and a distinctive group of symptoms, signs, or anatomical changes. The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina and vulva. Female genital diseases can be classified by affected location or by type of disease, such as malformation, inflammation, or infection.
A sex organ, also known as a reproductive organ, is a part of an organism.
:Common causes of gynecological diseases:
There are many causes of gynecological inflammation. Most of them is caused by stress or lifestyle habits of women. Common causes of gynecological diseases are listed below:
1. Unprotected intercourse:
Women are at greater risk of gynecological infection when having unprotected intercourse with the partner who has been exposed male genital infection.
Unprotected sexually transmitted viruses include chlamydia, Trichomonias , gonorrhea, coccobacillus, spirochaete, anaerobic bacteria, genital herpes virus, fungi, etc. These bacteria, when enter the uterus, may result microbial imbalance (dysbiosis) and impaired genital functions.
2. Abortion:
Causes of gynecological inflammation may include abortion procedures which is performed by inexperience doctor; in unreliable medical centers or in operating room which is not properly sterilized. Improper feminine care after abortion also facilitate harmful bacteria to develop inflammation. According to experts, after the abortion, the women reproductive organs are very sensitive.
3. Rest deficiency, insufficient diet and stress:
Stress and anxiety causing hormonal imbalance which severely affect women’s physical health such as menstrual cycle disorders, delayed menstrual cycle, changes in the microbiological environment and vagina’s pH which facilitate the development of gynecological diseases.
Anxiety and stress increase risk of gynecological diseases.
4. Improper feminine hygiene routines:
The vagina is a humid environment in which is ideal for the growth of bacteria and pathogenic fungus. Therefore, improper feminine hygiene routines could result gynecological diseases. In addition, gynecological diseases could also be cultivated by using tight underpants, menopause, health deterioration, pregnant or allergic to certain cleansers.
:Prevention:
Gynecological diseases are caused by lifestyle. Therefore, the best way to prevent them is changing daily routines of self-care such as:
1. Having safe sex:
Healthy sex would prevent the recurrence of gynecological diseases which is sexually transmitted. Condoms should be used in every intercourse for protecting women from unintended pregnancy and STDs. You and your partners should properly cleanse genital parts before intercourse.
2. Following healthy diet, proper rest and balanced life:
Anxiety caused by modern life also leads to the increasing of gynecological diseases’ risks. Therefore, the healthy lifestyle with balanced diet, enough rest and without stress would effectively prevent gynecological disorders. You can strengthen your resistance by:
– Adequate nutrition with fiber and vitamin C., – Regular exercising, -Avoiding stress, –Sleeping early, avoiding staying up late
Exercise regularly strengthen immune system and resistance of body.
3. Maintain proper feminine hygiene:
Some tips are listed below to maintain proper hygiene for her:
– Take shower and change underwear regularly (especially during menstruation). Clean genital part every day with warm and clean water., – Keep genital dry, avoid wearing tight underwear., – Chang sanitary napkins every 4 hours during menstruation., – Do not use strong washes to cleanse genital, use trusted feminine washes instead.,– Do not deeply cleanse inside vagina., – Do not share towels, underwear.
4. Taking periodic gynecological examination:
Subjectivity and hesitance inhibit women from being properly examined and counselled. Since the disease progress, curing cost more efforts and expenses. Taking periodic gynecological screening would probably help eliminate the discomfort of gynecological diseases.
:Who should take periodic gynecological examination?:
Women who is above 21 years old or already have intercourse.
Period: at least once every 6 months
Global poly clinic provides extensive diagnostic and therapeutic services for gynecologic and obstetric conditions such as:
Gynecological disease., Pathology of menstruation and menopause., Obstetric., Family planning counseling., Cancer screening.
We ensure that our patients will receive personalized and unique care in a friendly and professional environment.
Common gynecological problems & its treatments offered
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs, typically caused by sexually transmitted bacteria, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea. It affects the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, leading to symptoms like lower abdominal pain, fever, abnormal vaginal discharge, and pain during intercourse or urination. If left untreated, PID can cause serious complications, including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.
Treatment usually involves antibiotics to clear the infection. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term damage to the reproductive organs. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments. Women who are sexually active should have regular check-ups and practice safe sex to reduce the risk of PID.
Urinary Tract Infections in female
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in females occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract, leading to symptoms like frequent, painful urination, and lower abdominal discomfort. Factors such as a shorter urethra, hormonal changes, and sexual activity can increase susceptibility. Prompt treatment with antibiotics and maintaining good hygiene are crucial to prevent complications and recurring infections. Regular medical check-ups are advised for effective management and prevention. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments.
Abnormal uterine bleeding
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) refers to any unusual bleeding from the uterus that deviates from a woman’s regular menstrual cycle. This can include excessively heavy periods, bleeding between periods, prolonged periods, or bleeding after menopause. Many women may experience bleeding or spotting between periods. AUB can be caused by various factors such as hormonal imbalances, uterine fibroids, polyps, or more serious conditions like endometrial hyperplasia or cancer. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests like ultrasounds or biopsies.
Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, hormonal therapy, or surgical interventions. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments. Consulting a healthcare professional is essential for proper evaluation and management.
Menstrual disorder
Menstrual disorders refer to any issues related to the menstrual cycle, including irregular periods, heavy bleeding (menorrhagia), painful periods (dysmenorrhea), or missed periods (amenorrhea). These disorders can be caused by various factors such as hormonal imbalances, stress, underlying medical conditions, or lifestyle changes. Common symptoms include excessive bleeding, severe cramps, or mood swings.
Treatment depends on the specific disorder and may include lifestyle adjustments, medications, or hormonal therapies. If you experience persistent or severe menstrual issues, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments. Early intervention can help manage symptoms and improve overall well-being.
Dysmenorrhea
Dysmenorrhea refers to the pain or discomfort experienced during menstruation. It is a common condition that affects many women and is typically characterized by cramping in the lower abdomen, which can radiate to the lower back and thighs. There are two types of dysmenorrhea: primary and secondary. primary dysmenorrhea occurs without an underlying medical condition and usually begins shortly after a woman starts menstruating. Secondary dysmenorrhea is caused by an underlying issue, such as endometriosis or fibroids.
Treatment options include pain relief medications, hormonal therapies, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, medical procedures. Managing dysmenorrhea often involves a combination of these approaches to alleviate pain and improve quality of life. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments. Consulting a healthcare provider is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Vaginitis
Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina that can cause discomfort, itching, pain, and abnormal discharge. It is commonly caused by infections such as bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, or trichomoniasis, but can also result from irritants like soaps or hormonal changes.
Treatment varies depending on the cause and may include antibiotics, antifungal medications, or lifestyle adjustments. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments. Early diagnosis and proper management are important to prevent complications and restore vaginal health.
Urinary incontinence (involuntary urination)
Urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine, meaning a person cannot control when they urinate. It can range from occasional leaks when coughing or sneezing (stress incontinence) to sudden, strong urges to urinate (urge incontinence). Causes include weakened pelvic muscles, neurological conditions, and certain medications. Although it is more common in older adults, it is not a normal part of aging and can affect both men and women.
Treatment options vary based on the type and severity of incontinence and may include lifestyle changes, pelvic floor exercises, medications. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments. Consulting a healthcare professional is crucial for proper diagnosis and management.
Vaginal discharge
Vaginal discharge is a common condition experienced by many women. It involves the release of fluid from the vagina, which can vary in color, consistency, and odor. Normal discharge is usually clear or white and has a mild odor. However, changes in discharge, such as unusual color, strong odor, or accompanied by itching or pain, may indicate an infection or other underlying health issues. It’s important to monitor these changes and consult a healthcare professional for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments.
Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a chronic condition where tissue similar to the lining inside the uterus, called endometrium, grows outside the uterus. This can cause severe pain, particularly during menstruation, and may lead to fertility issues. Common sites for endometrial tissue growth include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the tissue lining the pelvis.
Symptoms of endometriosis include pelvic pain, heavy periods, pain during intercourse, and fatigue. The condition can significantly impact a woman’s quality of life. Diagnosis often involves imaging tests and sometimes laparoscopy.
Treatment options vary based on the severity of the symptoms and may include pain management, hormonal therapy, or surgery. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments. Early diagnosis and effective management are key to improving the quality of life for those affected by endometriosis.
Fibroids
Fibroids are non-cancerous growths that develop in or around the uterus, commonly affecting women during their reproductive years. Also known as uterine myomas or leiomyomas, fibroids can vary in size and number, ranging from tiny, undetectable nodules to large masses that can distort the uterus.
Symptoms may include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, frequent urination, and complications during pregnancy. However, some women may have fibroids without any noticeable symptoms. The exact cause of fibroids is unknown, but factors such as genetics, hormonal imbalances, and age may contribute to their development.
Treatment options depend on the size, location, and severity of symptoms and may include medication, non-invasive procedures, or surgery. Regular monitoring and consultation with a healthcare provider are essential for managing fibroids effectively.
PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome)
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, excess androgen (male hormone) levels, and the presence of multiple small cysts on the ovaries. Symptoms include weight gain, acne, hair growth in unwanted areas, and fertility issues.
PCOS can increase the risk of developing other health conditions such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and endometrial cancer. While the exact cause is unknown, factors like insulin resistance and genetics play a role.
Treatment typically involves lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, along with medications to manage symptoms and regulate menstrual cycles. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments . Early diagnosis and intervention can help manage symptoms and reduce long-term health risks associated with PCOS.
Ovarian cysts
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on or within an ovary. They are common and often form during the menstrual cycle. Most ovarian cysts are benign and resolve on their own without treatment. However, some cysts can cause symptoms like pelvic pain, bloating, or irregular menstrual cycles. In rare cases, they may lead to complications, such as rupture or twisting (torsion) of the ovary, which can require medical intervention.
Treatment depends on the size and type of the cyst, as well as the severity of symptoms. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments. Monitoring through regular ultrasounds, medications, or surgery may be recommended. Early diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent complications and maintain reproductive health.
Menopause
Menopause is a natural biological process marking the end of a woman’s menstrual cycles, typically occurring between the ages of 45 and 55. It is defined as having gone 12 months without a menstrual period. During this transition, hormonal changes can cause symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, and vaginal dryness.
Management of menopause varies and may include lifestyle adjustments, hormone replacement therapy, and alternative treatments to alleviate symptoms. Consulting with a healthcare provider can help tailor a treatment plan that addresses individual needs and improves quality of life during this phase.
Infertility
Infertility is a condition where a couple is unable to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse. It can affect either partner and may result from a range of factors including hormonal imbalances, structural issues, or lifestyle factors. Both male and female infertility require thorough evaluation to identify the underlying causes.
Treatments vary depending on the diagnosis and may include medication, lifestyle changes, or assisted reproductive technologies. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments. Consulting a healthcare professional is crucial for proper diagnosis and effective management of infertility.
Heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia)
Heavy menstrual bleeding, or menorrhagia, is characterized by excessively heavy or prolonged menstrual periods. It can lead to significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Common symptoms include soaking through one or more sanitary pads or tampons every hour, bleeding that lasts more than a week, or passing large blood clots. Causes can range from hormonal imbalances and uterine fibroids to medical conditions like thyroid disorders or blood clotting issues.
Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, hormonal therapies, or surgical interventions. If you experience symptoms of menorrhagia, consulting a healthcare provider is crucial for proper diagnosis and management. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are infections primarily spread through sexual contact. Common STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and human papillomavirus (HPV). Symptoms can vary but may include unusual discharge, pain, itching, or sores. Many STIs can be asymptomatic, especially in the early stages.
Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to managing STIs and preventing complications. Regular screening, safe sex practices, and open communication with sexual partners can help reduce the risk of STIs. Consulting a healthcare professional for accurate testing and effective treatment is essential for maintaining sexual health. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments.
Vaginal cysts
Vaginal cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on the vaginal walls or surrounding tissues. They can vary in size and may be caused by blocked glands, infections, or hormonal changes. Most vaginal cysts are benign and asymptomatic, but they can sometimes cause discomfort, pain, or unusual discharge.
Diagnosis is usually made through a pelvic examination and, if needed, imaging tests. Treatment depends on the size and symptoms of the cyst. Many cysts resolve on their own, but if they cause significant discomfort or are persistent, treatment options may include drainage, medication, or, in rare cases, surgical removal. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are important for managing and monitoring vaginal cysts effectively.
Vaginal itching
Vaginal itching is an uncomfortable sensation often caused by infections, such as yeast infections or bacterial vaginosis, or irritants like soaps, lotions, or certain fabrics. It can also be a symptom of underlying conditions like sexually transmitted infections or hormonal changes. To address vaginal itching, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment, which may include medications, lifestyle changes, or avoiding known irritants. Proper hygiene and avoiding self-diagnosis are key to effective management and relief.
Leucorrhoea
Leucorrhoea, also known as vaginal discharge, refers to the abnormal or excessive discharge from the vagina, often characterized by a white or yellowish color. It can be caused by various factors, including infections, hormonal changes, or underlying health conditions. Symptoms may include itching, burning, and an unpleasant odor. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, which may include medications, lifestyle changes, or topical treatments. Consulting a healthcare provider is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective management. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments.
Female sexual problems & its treatments offered
Pain during sex (Dyspareunia)
Dyspareunia, or pain during sex, is a condition that can affect both men and women. It may manifest as pain in the genital area during or after intercourse. Causes can vary widely, including physical issues like infections, hormonal changes, or anatomical abnormalities, as well as psychological factors such as anxiety or past trauma.
Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve medical intervention, therapy, or lifestyle changes. Addressing dyspareunia is crucial for improving sexual health and overall well-being. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments to address the underlying causes and improve overall sexual health. Consulting a healthcare professional can help in diagnosing and managing this condition effectively.
Difficulty reaching orgasm (Anorgasmia )
Anorgasmia, or difficulty reaching orgasm, is a condition where a person struggles to achieve orgasm despite adequate sexual stimulation. It can affect both men and women and may be caused by a variety of factors, including physical issues, psychological factors, hormonal imbalances, medications, or relationship problems.
Anorgasmia can lead to frustration and decreased sexual satisfaction, impacting overall well-being and relationships. Treatment often involves addressing the underlying cause, which may include therapy, medication adjustments, lifestyle changes, or sexual education. Consulting a healthcare professional can help determine the most effective approach to managing and overcoming this condition.
Genito-pelvic pain/ penetration disorder
Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder (GPPPD) is a condition characterized by persistent or recurring pain in the genital or pelvic area during intercourse or attempts at penetration. It can also involve fear or anxiety about pain related to sexual activity, or difficulty with penetration itself. GPPPD can result from physical, psychological, or a combination of factors, including past trauma, infections, or muscle tension. This disorder can significantly impact a person’s sexual and emotional well-being.
Treatment often involves a multidisciplinary approach, including pelvic floor therapy, counseling, and medical management, tailored to address the underlying causes and improve sexual health and comfort. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments to address the underlying causes and improve overall sexual health.
Low libido (low sex drive)
Low libido, or low sex drive, refers to a decreased interest in sexual activity. It can be influenced by various factors, including hormonal imbalances, stress, relationship issues, medications, or underlying health conditions. Low libido can affect both men and women and may lead to emotional distress or relationship difficulties if left unaddressed.
Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, counseling, hormonal therapy, or addressing any medical issues. Consulting a healthcare provider can help identify the root cause and create a tailored plan to improve sexual desire and overall well-being.
Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (No Desire for Sex)
Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD) is a condition characterized by a persistent or recurrent lack of interest in sexual activity, leading to personal distress. It’s more than just a temporary dip in libido; HSDD can significantly impact relationships and overall well-being. The causes can be psychological, such as stress or depression, or physical, including hormonal imbalances or certain medications.
Treatment options vary and may include therapy, lifestyle changes, or medications designed to address underlying causes. Consulting a healthcare professional is essential for proper diagnosis and personalized treatment. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments to address the underlying causes and improve overall sexual health.
Vaginismus
Vaginismus is a condition where there is involuntary tightening or spasms of the vaginal muscles, making penetration painful or even impossible. This can occur during sexual intercourse, gynecological exams, or when inserting tampons. The condition is often associated with anxiety, fear of pain, or past traumatic experiences, but it can also have physical causes.
Treatment typically involves a combination of physical therapy, relaxation exercises, counseling, and sometimes the use of dilators. Addressing both the physical and emotional aspects is crucial for overcoming vaginismus. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments to address the underlying causes and improve overall sexual health. With proper treatment, many women are able to manage or fully resolve the condition.
Dryness of vagina
Vaginal dryness is a common condition that occurs when the tissues of the vagina are not well-lubricated. This can lead to discomfort, itching, burning, and pain during intercourse. It often occurs due to hormonal changes, particularly during menopause, but can also be caused by stress, certain medications, or medical conditions.
Treatment options include lubricants, moisturizers, and hormonal therapies. At Global Poly Clinic, we offer a comprehensive approach combining modern medicine, Unani, and herbal treatments to address the underlying causes and improve overall sexual health. Consulting a healthcare professional is important to determine the underlying cause and find the most effective treatment to restore comfort and vaginal health.
What are sexual problems?
A sexual problem is something that keeps sex from being satisfying or positive. Most people have symptoms of a sexual problem at one time or another. For some, the symptoms are ongoing. But your symptoms are only a sexual problem if they bother you or cause problems in your relationship.
There is no “normal” level of sexual response. It’s different for everyone. You may also find that what’s normal at one stage of your life changes at another stage. For example, it’s common for an exhausted parent of a baby to have little interest in sex. And it’s common for people to have lower sex drives as they age.
Cause
Some common causes include:
Mental and emotional causes:-These include stress, anxiety, and depression. Other causes include relationship problems, fear, and a history of sexual or physical abuse. Being unhappy about your body can also be a cause.
Physical causes:-These include hormone problems, pain from an injury, and other problems. Certain conditions such as diabetes or arthritis can also cause sexual problems. During sexual arousal, blood normally swells areas of the vulva. If those areas aren’t stimulated enough, you may not feel as much sexual pleasure.
Aging:-This can cause changes in the vagina, such as dryness. As you age, your sexual desire may decrease.
Medicines:-Some medicines may lower sexual desire and arousal. These include certain medicines for depression, anxiety, and seizures.
Symptoms
Symptoms of sexual problems can include:
Less desire. You may have fewer sexual fantasies or thoughts. You may not want to have sex.
Less arousal. You may notice that you’re not interested when a partner makes sexual suggestions. You may not be able to feel or maintain sexual excitement.
Being unable to reach orgasm.
Pain during sex.
These symptoms are problems only if they bother you or cause problems in your relationship with a partner.
Management/ Treatment
Some herbal remedies may improve sexual satisfaction, Before trying herbal remedies, speak with a doctor. Official organizations no not regulate herbal supplements, and they can have side effects or interact with medications. It is important to see a healthcare provider who is knowledgeable about supplements and who can monitor the progress of symptoms.
Self-Care –You can try a number of things that may help your sexual problems. These include:
Foreplay and relaxation:-You may be able to increase your sexual desire and arousal with Masturbation. This may be done with the aid of a vibrator, with your partner, or both.Sensual massage and other activities that create pleasure without sexual intercourse.Fantasies, music, or erotic videos or books.Reducing anxieties before sex. For example, you can try breathing exercises.
Working with your partner:-For example:-Try different sex positions.Change your setting and routine.Talk openly about sex. Discuss each person’s needs. What do you want to do differently together?
Vaginal lubricants:-Lack of lubrication in the vagina is the most common cause of pain with sex.
Exercises for pelvic muscles:-Tightness or spasms in pelvic muscles can make pain with sex worse. Certain exercises can help reduce pain by helping you learn how to control and relax your pelvic muscles.
List of common gynecological problems:
Problems | Signs | Causes |
Pain during intercourse | Feeling painful during intercourse, may include shortness of breath. |
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Pelvic pain | Pains appear in abdomen and upper legs. |
Pelvic disorders may include:
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Pelvic disorders | ||
STDs (Sexually transmitted infections) |
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Vulvodynia | Itching, soreness or pain in the vulva |
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Vaginitis |
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Fibroid |
| There have no specific causes but some risk factors include:
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Ovarian cysts |
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Cervicitis |
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Cervical ectropion |
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Salpingitis |
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Endometritis |
| Unhealthy lifestyle |
Ovarian inflammation |
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